Mastering PAM4 Design and Test Techniques
PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4-level) is a modulation technique that uses four distinct voltage levels to encode two bits of data per symbol. Unlike traditional NRZ, which transmits one bit per symbol, PAM4 doubles the data rate at the same bandwidth, making it essential for next-generation high-speed serial standards.
In the course of our careers, we …
ENOB — the Practical Measure of ADC Accuracy
Leading-edge electronic systems are becoming faster, denser, and more complex. Engineers working on next-generation wireless, automotive radar, medical imaging, and high-speed computing are all pushing the boundaries of performance. As a result, testing these systems isn’t easy - signals are higher in frequency, denser in modulation, and more sensitive …
In countless critical environments—from pharmaceutical cleanrooms and food storage facilities to semiconductor manufacturing and archival preservation—precise humidity control isn't just a preference, it's a necessity. Inaccurate humidity readings can lead to compromised products, inefficient processes, and costly compliance issues. Humidity calibration is your assurance that your measurements are …
From automotive assembly lines to aerospace engineering, the precise application of torque is essential for safety, reliability, and product quality. Torque tools—wrenches, screwdrivers, and analyzers—must deliver exact rotational force to fasteners. But how can you ensure their accuracy over time? The answer lies in rigorous torque calibration.
This guide provides an in-depth exploration of …
In virtually every industry, from pharmaceuticals to food processing and aerospace, temperature is a critical variable. The success of a process, the quality of a product, and even operational safety often depend on precise temperature control. But how do you ensure the thermometers, sensors, and controllers you rely on are telling the truth? The answer is temperature calibration.
This blog …
For engineers and technical managers, maintaining the accuracy and traceability of test and measurement equipment is essential to ensuring product quality and regulatory compliance. One often-overlooked advantage of choosing Tektronix Factory Calibration over third-party providers is the inclusion of instrument adjustments at no additional cost—a benefit that becomes especially critical when …
Accurate flow measurement is vital across industries. Flow meters ensure operational efficiency, product quality, and resource management. But their accuracy can drift and their precision can deteriorate over time. This blog explains the fundamentals, importance, methods, and standards of flow meter calibration, helping you improve efficiency, cut costs, and meet compliance.
It is crucial to …
Calibration is the cornerstone of precision and reliability in high-performance electronic test equipment. Unlike mechanical or dimensional calibrations which are based on physical disciplines, calibrating advanced electronic systems requires extensive electrical circuitry understanding. In high-speed systems, errors—like a ±2.00 dB deviation—can lead to critical issues such as signal noise …
