Looking for the right oscilloscope for your electronics projects or professional endeavors? This guide provides a clear framework to identify the oscilloscope that best aligns with your requirements, whether you're a seasoned engineer, a student, or an electronics hobbyist. We'll explore key parameters such as bandwidth, sample rate, and rise time, ensuring you make an informed choice that enhances the precision and efficiency of your measurements.
What are oscilloscopes used for?
An oscilloscope, formerly known as an oscillograph (informally scope, oscope, or o-scope), is a benchtop instrument that graphically displays electrical signals and shows how those signals change over time. They are used by engineers to troubleshoot circuits and check signal quality. Most engineers use a digital oscilloscope, which is what we’re going to focus on here. Digital oscilloscopes acquire and store waveforms, which show a signal’s voltage, frequency, the portion of the signal that is noise, whether the signal is distorted, the timing between signals and more.
オシロスコープ選びに重要な基本要素
オシロスコープの周波数帯域
帯域幅は、オシロスコープが正確に測定できる最高周波数を決定する重要な仕様で、オシロスコープの機能性とコストの両方に影響を与える極めて重要な要素です。
帯域幅が高いほど、信号の再現性が高くなります。例えば、250 MHz、1 GHz、4 GHzの帯域幅レベルでキャプチャされた信号を例にとって説明します。
必要な帯域幅の計算方法
オシロスコープを選ぶ際には、信号の最高周波数を確実にカバーするために、次の数式を使用します。
例えば、最高信号周波数が20 MHzの場合、少なくとも60 MHzの帯域幅を持つオシロスコープを検討するべきです。
立ち上がり時間
立ち上がり時間はデジタル用途において重要であり、信号の急激な変化を追跡する能力を示します。
高速デジタル信号の立ち上がり時間の特性評価
必要な立ち上がり時間の計算方法
オシロスコープの立ち上がり時間は、信号の最速の立ち上がり時間よりも大幅に短くなければなりません。適切なオシロスコープを見つけるために次の数式を使用します。
例えば、信号の立ち上がり時間が4 nsの場合、オシロスコープの立ち上がり時間は1.33 ns未満であるべきです。
オシロスコープのサンプル・レート
サンプル・レートは、オシロスコープが信号をどのくらいの頻度でサンプリングするかを示し、キャプチャされる波形の詳細に影響を与えます。
サンプル・レートが高いほど信号の解像度が高くなり、断続的なイベントも確認できます。
必要なサンプル・レートの計算方法
適切なサンプル・レートを計算するために、次の数式を使用します。
例えば、最高周波数が20 MHzの信号の場合、少なくとも200 MS/sのサンプル・レートを持つオシロスコープを選ぶべきです。そうすることで、波形が詳細にキャプチャされ、正確な分析が可能になります。
Other Considerations for Oscilloscope Selection
Channel density of an oscilloscope
Digital oscilloscopes sample analog channels to store and display them. In general, the more channels the better, although adding channels adds to the oscilloscope price.
Your application will determine whether you need to choose an oscilloscope with two, four, six, or even eight analog channels. Two channels let you compare a component’s input to its output, for example. Four analog channels let you compare more signals and provides more flexibility to combine channels mathematically (multiplying to get power, or subtracting for differential signals, for example). Oscilloscopes with six or eight channels allows for multiple bus analysis while simultaneously viewing voltage or current type signals in a power related environment.
A Mixed Signal Oscilloscope adds digital timing channels, which indicate high or low states and can be displayed together as a bus waveform. Whatever you choose, all channels should have good range, linearity, gain accuracy, flatness, and resistance to static discharge.
Some instruments share the sampling system between channels to save money. But beware: the number of channels you turn on can reduce the sample rate.
Compatible oscilloscope probes
Good measurements begin at the probe tip. The scope and probe work together as a system, so be sure to consider probes when selecting an oscilloscope.
When taking measurements, probes actually become a part of the circuit, introducing resistive, capacitive, and inductive loading that alters the measurement. To minimize the effect, it’s best to use probes that are designed for use with your scope.
Select passive probes that have sufficient bandwidth. The probe’s bandwidth should match that of the oscilloscope.
A broad range of compatible probes will allow you to use your scope in more applications. Check to see what’s available for the scope before you buy.
Passive probes: Probes with 10X attenuation present a controlled impedance and capacitance to your circuit, and are suitable for most ground-referenced measurements. They are included with most oscilloscopes – you’ll need one for each input channel.
High-voltage differential probes: Differential probes allow a ground-referenced oscilloscope to take safe, accurate floating and differential measurements. Every lab should have at least one.
Logic probes: Logic probes deliver digital signals to the front end of a Mixed Signal Oscilloscope. They include “flying leads” with accessories designed to connect to small test points on a circuit board.
Current Probes: Adding a current probe enables the scope to measure current, of course, but it also enables it to calculate and display instantaneous power.
Need help choosing the right probe? See our Probe Selector Guide
Triggering capabilities of an oscilloscope
All oscilloscopes provide edge triggering, and most offer pulse width triggering. To acquire anomalies and make best use of the scope’s record length, look for a scope that offers advanced triggering on more challenging signals.
The wider the range of trigger options available the more versatile the scope (and the faster you get to the root cause of a problem):
- Digital/pulse triggers: pulse width, runt pulse, rise/fall time, setup-and-hold
- Logic triggering
- Serial data triggers: embedded system designs use both serial (I2C, SPI,CAN/ LIN…) and parallel buses.
- Video triggering
Oscilloscope record Length
Record length is the number of points in a complete waveform record. A scope can store only a limited number of samples so, in general, the greater the record length, the better.
Time captured = record length/sample rate. So, with a record length of 1 Mpoints and a sample rate of 250 MS/sec, the oscilloscope will capture 4 ms. Today’s scopes allow you to select the record length to optimize the level of detail needed for your application.
A good basic scope for example will store over 2,000 points, which is more than enough for a stable sine-wave signal (needing perhaps 500 points), whilst more advanced high-end scopes would have up to 1Gpoints, which is essential for working with high-speed serial data type applications.
Oscilloscope waveform capture rate
Waveform capture rate, expressed as waveforms per second (wfms/s), refers to how quickly an oscilloscope acquires waveforms. The waveform capture rates of oscilloscopes vary greatly, so it’s important to find the right one for your application.
Oscilloscopes with high waveform capture rates provide significantly more visual insight into signal behavior, and dramatically increase the probability that the oscilloscope will quickly capture transient anomalies such as jitter, runt pulses, glitches and transition errors.
Digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO) employ a serial processing architecture to capture from 10 to 5,000 wfms/s. Some DSOs provide a special mode that bursts multiple captures into long memory, temporarily delivering higher waveform capture rates followed by long processing dead times that reduce the probability of capturing rare, intermittent events.
Most digital phosphor oscilloscopes (DPO) employ a parallel processing architecture to deliver vastly greater waveform capture rates. Some DPOs can acquire millions of waveforms in just seconds, significantly increasing the probability of capturing intermittent and elusive events and allowing you to see the problems in your signal more quickly.
Oscilloscope expandability
As your needs change, you want an oscilloscope that can accommodate your needs with application modules and software updates.
If you want to expand the capabilities of your oscilloscope over time, make sure your instrument has everything you need. For instance, some oscilloscopes allow you to:
- Add memory to channels to analyze longer record lengths
- Add application-specific measurement capabilities
- Complement the power of the oscilloscope with a full range of probes and modules
- Work with popular third-party analysis and productivity
- Windows-compatible software
- Add accessories, such as battery packs and rack mounts
Connectivity of an oscilloscope
After you’ve analyzed your oscilloscope measurements, you’ll need to document and share your findings. The connectivity of an oscilloscope delivers advanced analysis capabilities and simplifies the documentation and sharing of results.
Depending on the oscilloscope, you may have access to standard interfaces (GPIB, RS-232, USB, and Ethernet), network communication modules, or advanced features that allow you to:
- Create, edit and share documents on the oscilloscope, all while working with the instrument in your particular environment
- Access network printing and file sharing resources
- Access the Windows® desktop
- Run third-party analysis and documentation software
- Link to networks
- Access the Internet
- Send and receive e-mail
Need help choosing an oscilloscope? Download our oscilloscope selector guide or contact the experts at Tektronix to request a demo. If you already have a sense of which oscilloscope to buy, shop Tektronix oscilloscopes today.